Heap Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in NASA CryptoLib Software

CVE-2025-54878

What is CVE-2025-54878?

CVE-2025-54878 is a heap buffer overflow vulnerability found in NASA's CryptoLib software, specifically in versions prior to 1.4.0. CryptoLib is designed to provide a software-based solution for securing communications between spacecraft and ground stations through the CCSDS Space Data Link Security Protocol - Extended Procedures (SDLS-EP). This vulnerability stems from inadequate bounds checking during the initialization vector (IV) setup for telecommand frames. When an attacker crafts a specific telecommand frame, it can lead the library to write beyond the limits of a designated heap buffer, resulting in heap memory corruption. The consequences of this vulnerability can vary from potential crashes (denial of service) to more severe outcomes that could compromise the integrity and functionality of the software.

Potential impact of CVE-2025-54878

1. Denial of Service: Exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to crashes in affected systems, thereby interrupting critical operations and communication links between spacecraft and ground stations.

2. Memory Corruption: Attacks leading to heap corruption may result in undefined behavior that could disrupt the normal functioning of the CryptoLib, potentially allowing for further exploitation or stability issues within the system.

3. Compromise of Security Protocols: As CryptoLib is integral to securing space communication, any successful exploitation could undermine the security measures in place, leading to unauthorized access or manipulation of transmitted data, severely impacting mission integrity and safety.

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